{"id":1544,"date":"2011-09-11T21:56:29","date_gmt":"2011-09-11T21:56:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/?page_id=1544"},"modified":"2020-08-22T13:08:44","modified_gmt":"2020-08-22T13:08:44","slug":"music-as-commentary","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/lectures\/music-as-commentary\/","title":{"rendered":"2: Music as Commentary"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><\/h2>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2564\" style=\"width: 181px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2564\" class=\"wp-image-2564 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/files\/2011\/09\/Berio_19741.jpg\" alt=\"Luciano Berio in 1974 at Hilversum Radio\" width=\"171\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/files\/2011\/09\/Berio_19741.jpg 171w, https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/files\/2011\/09\/Berio_19741-165x300.jpg 165w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 171px) 100vw, 171px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2564\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Luciano Berio in 1974 at Hilversum Radio<\/p><\/div>\n<p id=\"45625.P1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">This session will explore the notion of music as commentary; music as a responsive act towards other musics and other stimuli. <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bpwO6Ig0YpU&amp;width=853&amp;height=480\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\">Sinfonia<\/a> (1968-69) by <a title=\"Luciano Berio\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lucianoberio.org\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Luciano Berio<\/a>, and <a id=\"69ff743103053\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R70XhXyDDuY&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">JazzEx<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R70XhXyDDuY&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103053\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1966) by <a id=\"tippy_tip0_9460_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"Bernard Parmegiani\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip0_9460_anchor\" ><strong>From Grove Music Online:<\/strong> (<span class=\"LIFE medium\"><abbr class=\"BORN std\" title=\"BORN\">b<\/abbr> <span class=\"BP\">Paris<\/span>, <span class=\"BD\">27 Oct 1927<\/span>; <abbr class=\"DIED std\" title=\"DIED\">d<\/abbr> <span class=\"DD\">21 Nov 2013<\/span><\/span>). <span class=\"NAT\">French<\/span> <span class=\"OCC\">composer<\/span>. After studying mime with Jacques Lecoq (1957\u201361), a discipline he has regarded as influential to his composing, he worked as a sound engineer for French television. In late 1959 he joined the Groupe de Recherches Musicales (GRM), founded the previous year by Pierre Schaeffer under the auspices of RTF; Alternances (1963) was composed for the famous and tempestuous Concert Collectif devised by Schaeffer. Subsequently he provided studio assistance to several composers, most notably Xenakis, and produced music for radio, television and the stage. As head of the Musique-Image section of the GRM, he also wrote many film scores. Among his wide range of functional compositions is a jingle written for Charles de Gaulle airport in 1971. After leaving GRM in 1992, he set up a studio at Saint R\u00e9my in Provence.\n<p id=\"45625.P2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parmegiani began to write electro-acoustic works for the concert hall in the 1960s. Violostries (1965), a dense polyphonic work in four movements for violin and tape, is constructed out of nine basic violin tones (sound cells) suggested to the composer by violinist Devy Erlih. L&#8217;instant mobile (1966) shows the emergence of Parmegiani&#8217;s preoccupation with the passing of time, an interest that led 25 years later to a series of works inspired by ideas of temporal perception. Capture \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8re (1967), one of his most successful pieces, alludes to the passing of time, as well as to the brevity and transience of sound; it is a dynamic composition in which the subject is perfectly illustrated through micro-montage. In 1971 with Pour en finir avec le pouvoir d&#8217;Orph\u00e9e, a work that amounts to a confession of faith, he claims to have broken with the seductive power of repetition and the spellbinding musical fabric in which he had excelled. During this period he composed Enfer (1972), the first part of a Divine Comedy (after Dante) written in collaboration with Bayle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was only with the pivotal work De natura sonorum (1975) and subsequently with Dedans-Dehors (1977), however, that Parmegiani, out of a desire for rigour and abstraction, broke free of his tendency towards aural enchantment. What his music lost in charm and spontaneity it gained in meaning and compositional skill; nonetheless, the economy of his methods and the linearity of his subjects could not mask the lingering sensuality in his music. From this point on, his sound palette was modified and clarified. To some extent he abandoned massive orchestral textures in favour of a more agile kind of counterpoint. At times, however, he reverted to full-bodied and warm material, often situated in the middle or lower register. In La cr\u00e9ation du monde (1984), for example, he turned back to progressive mutations of sound material. Later works include the four Exercismes (1985\u20139), compositions of almost pointillist refinement; Litaniques (1987), which takes up his fascination with incantatory music; Rouge-Mort (1987), after M\u00e9rim\u00e9e&#8217;s Carmen, as powerful and dramatic as its model; Le pr\u00e9sent compos\u00e9 (1991), Entre-Temps (1992) and Plain-Temps (1993), highly wrought works that refer back to reflections on time; the resonant Sonare (1996); and Sons\/jeux (1998). Other notable features of his music include: a sense of humour, often emphasized by punning titles; a generosity of inspiration in an almost popular vein, particularly evident in his early works; a frequent, but never banal, use of synthesized sound; and a love of the \u2018material\u2019 element.<\/p><\/div>, (and other examples) will be used to illustrate the concepts, although examples will be drawn from a variety of styles and genres.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The notion of commentary in art is closely connected to the practice and development of collage. In <a title=\"Google Cultural Institute- Collage\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/learn\/online-resources\/glossary\/c\/collage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">visual art<\/a>, collage is often first ascribed to the work of the Cubist painters Pablo Picasso and George Braques, and with the Dada and Surrealism movements. Other artists, such as Marcel Duchamp, experimented with placing everyday objects in unusual settings (such as an art gallery) to question the notion of what is, and what isn&#8217;t, art. Duchamp&#8217;s infamous <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/artworks\/duchamp-fountain-t07573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fountain<\/a> of 1917, not only tests the viewer&#8217;s notion of aesthetic value, but offers a rich, and deliberately provocative, set of intertextual associations for exploration. The combination, juxtaposition and layering of found objects (objet trouv\u00e9), often from disparate sources, has clear parallels with musical collage, and particularly with works that &#8216;borrow&#8217; music from other composers. Such musical artefacts carry with them a variety of intertextual associations, and it is this act of combination that promotes the concept of commentary: one piece of music can be seen to comment on another, providing a context that may alter our understanding and apprehension of both. As Francis Fanscina writes: &#8216;collage is regarded &#8230; as the manifestation of a specific historical moment, a moment of crisis in consciousness&#8217; [<a title=\"Oxford Art Online - Collage\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oxfordartonline.com\/subscriber\/article\/opr\/t234\/e0118\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oxford Art Online<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The techniques of collage arguably derive from early film making practice, and specifically the the work of the Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. Through such films as <a id=\"69ff7431031f8\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7TgWoSHUn8c&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Battleship Potemkin<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7TgWoSHUn8c&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431031f8\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1925) and <a id=\"69ff743103231\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mr3S6ItLMTo&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Alexander Nevsky<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mr3S6ItLMTo&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103231\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1938) and through later writings such as <span id=\"CITEREFEisenstein1949\" class=\"citation\"><a title=\"Google Books - Film Form\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=txh0AwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Film Form: Essays in Film Theory<\/a> (1949), <\/span><a title=\"Google Books - The Film sense\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=OrSuw2LlX6QC&amp;dq=the+film+sense&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=0HM_VLS9DcTd7Qal-oDoBQ&amp;ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Film Sense<\/a> (1942)\u00a0 and <a title=\"Google Books - Towards a Theory of Montage\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=ag8-QQAACAAJ&amp;dq=towards+a+theory+of+montage&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=8XM_VJmuLYSe7gb1w4DYBA&amp;ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Towards a Theory of Montage<\/a>, Eisenstein detailed his theories of montage, maintaining that the combination or juxtaposition of two or more images made for a new whole, rather than just the sum of the parts.<\/p>\n<h2>Preparation<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Read Hopkins, B. &#8211; <a title=\"VLE - Modernism and the Collage Aesthetic\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40243172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Modernism and the Collage Aesthetic<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Read Flynn, G. W. &#8211;\u00a0 <a title=\"VLE - Listening to Berio's Music\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/741321\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Listening to Berio\u2019s Music<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Listen to Berio&#8217;s <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bpwO6Ig0YpU&amp;width=853&amp;height=480\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\">Sinfonia<\/a> [plenty of other examples available on <a title=\"YouTube - Sinfonia\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/results?search_query=berio+sinfonia&amp;aq=f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">YouTube<\/a>]<\/li>\n<li>Listen to Parmegiani&#8217;s <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R70XhXyDDuY&amp;width=853&amp;height=480\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\">JazzEx<\/a> (1966),\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/20433668?width=960&amp;height=540\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\">Pop\u2019eclectic<\/a> (1969), <a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/vimeo.com\/20434102?width=960&amp;height=540\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\">Du pop \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e2ne<\/a> (1969)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Class Documents<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Berio&#8217;s\u00a0<a title=\"Programme notes to Sinfonia\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/files\/2011\/09\/Berio-Sinfonia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">programme notes<\/a> to Sinfonia<\/li>\n<li>The Electronic Labyrinth &#8211; <a title=\"Electronic Labyrinth - Palimpsest\" href=\"http:\/\/www2.iath.virginia.edu\/elab\/hfl0243.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Palimpsest<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Class Examples<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Luciano Berio &#8211; <a id=\"69ff74310325f\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bpwO6Ig0YpU&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Sinfonia<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bpwO6Ig0YpU&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310325f\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<li>Bernard Parmegiani &#8211; <a id=\"69ff743103286\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R70XhXyDDuY&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">JazzEx<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R70XhXyDDuY&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103286\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1966)<\/li>\n<li>Bernard Parmegiani &#8211; <a id=\"69ff7431032ee\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/20433668?width=960&#038;height=540\" title=\"\">Pop&#039;eclectic<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(960);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.5625);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(540);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/vimeo.com\/20433668?width=960&amp;height=540';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.5625);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+960+\", ratio \"+0.5625+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431032ee\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1969)<\/li>\n<li>Bernard Parmegiani &#8211; <a id=\"69ff74310332a\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/20434102?width=960&#038;height=540\" title=\"\">Du pop \u00e0 l&#039;\u00e2ne<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(960);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.5625);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(540);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/vimeo.com\/20434102?width=960&amp;height=540';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.5625);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+960+\", ratio \"+0.5625+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310332a\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1969)<\/li>\n<li>The Beatles &#8211; All You Need is Love (1967)<\/li>\n<li>The Beatles &#8211; <a id=\"69ff743103353\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k-NwzozflCQ&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Revolution 9<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k-NwzozflCQ&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103353\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1968)<\/li>\n<li>The cover to The Beatles album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, deisgned by Peter Blake, is an examples of collage.<\/li>\n<li>DJ Shadow &#8211; <a id=\"69ff74310337a\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QUFwOmq9vQ8&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Endtroducing<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QUFwOmq9vQ8&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310337a\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1996)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Berio&#8217;s <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=bpwO6Ig0YpU&amp;width=853&amp;height=480\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\">Sinfonia<\/a> is perhaps the most complex work of musical commentary. Originally comprising four movements (a fifth was added in 1969, a year after its premi\u00e8re) Sinfonia takes as its main texts the influential book The Raw and the Cooked by the French anthropologist Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss (see particularly myths 1, 2, 124 and 125), and the novella by Samuel Beckett,\u00a0<a id=\"69ff7431033a0\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sFDI_NGjaLY&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">The Unnamable<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sFDI_NGjaLY&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431033a0\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script>. The third movement, in particular, comprises a complex web of musical and textual references, based around a skeleton that uses Scherzo from Mahler&#8217;s 2nd Symphony in various states of intelligibility. Musical references include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mahler &#8211; <a id=\"69ff7431033d6\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=omXot9f-sIk&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Des Antonius Von Padua Fischpredigt<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=omXot9f-sIk&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431033d6\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script>, from Der Knaben Wunderhorn (31m 45s)<\/li>\n<li>Mahler &#8211; Scherzo from 2nd Symphony (<a id=\"69ff7431033fa\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vqpiwzu700M&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">part 1<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vqpiwzu700M&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431033fa\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script>, <a id=\"69ff74310341d\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s8NR-J1IHy0&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">part 2<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=s8NR-J1IHy0&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310341d\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script>), 4th Symphony<\/li>\n<li>Debussy &#8211; <a id=\"69ff743103443\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FOCucJw7iT8&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">La Mer<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FOCucJw7iT8&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103443\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<li>Schoenberg &#8211; F\u00fcnf Orchesterst\u00fccke, op. 16, no. 4, <a id=\"69ff743103474\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D1xL7a2qBJw&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">\u2018Peripetie\u2019<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D1xL7a2qBJw&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103474\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<li>Stravinsky &#8211; The Rite of Spring, Agon<\/li>\n<li>Boulez &#8211; <a id=\"69ff743103495\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W56pQqEVetA&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">\u2018Don\u2019<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W56pQqEVetA&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103495\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> from Pli Selon Pli<\/li>\n<li>Berg &#8211; Violin Concerto, Wozzeck<\/li>\n<li>Brahms &#8211; Violin Concerto, <a id=\"69ff7431034b6\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WZGWB93-mmI&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">\u20184th Symphony, 4th mvmt.\u2019<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WZGWB93-mmI&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431034b6\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<li>Beethoven &#8211; 9th Symphony<\/li>\n<li>Hindemith &#8211; <a id=\"69ff7431034ce\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=URKqJPoDmU4&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">\u2018Kammermusik no. 4, op. 36, no. 3\u2019<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=URKqJPoDmU4&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431034ce\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script>, 5th mvmt.<\/li>\n<li>Ravel &#8211; La Valse, Daphnis et Chloe<\/li>\n<li>Berlioz &#8211; Symphonie Fantastique<\/li>\n<li>Strauss &#8211; Der Rosenkavalier, Acts II + III<\/li>\n<li>Webern &#8211; <a id=\"69ff7431034e1\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R5Es17TFO5I&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Kantate, op. 31<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=R5Es17TFO5I&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431034e1\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<li>Stockhausen &#8211; <a id=\"69ff7431034f3\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mqvlrphkGAU&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Gruppen<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mqvlrphkGAU&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff7431034f3\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<li>Pousseur &#8211; <a id=\"69ff743103508\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Zh2ngi8mnZw&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Couleurs crois\u00e9es<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Zh2ngi8mnZw&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103508\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Further Listening<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Luciano Berio &#8211; Laborintus 2 <a id=\"69ff74310351a\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oKP0UvdPyZU&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">part 1\/1<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oKP0UvdPyZU&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310351a\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> | <a id=\"69ff743103531\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VP2lZgiri78&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">part 1\/2<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VP2lZgiri78&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103531\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> | <a id=\"69ff743103547\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WBlJbi123AQ&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">part 2<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WBlJbi123AQ&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103547\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1965)<\/li>\n<li>Luciano Berio &#8211; <a id=\"69ff743103558\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rUAnL9mpQOo&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">A-Ronne<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rUAnL9mpQOo&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff743103558\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> | <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/voices\/files\/2011\/10\/A-Ronne.pdf\">Text<\/a> (1974)<\/li>\n<li>Karlheinz Stockhausen &#8211;\u00a0<a id=\"69ff74310356a\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uj3g-QOC0U8&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">Hymnen<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uj3g-QOC0U8&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310356a\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1966-7, 1969)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Further Viewing<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Arthur Lipsett &#8211; <a class=\"external\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nfb.ca\/film\/very_nice_very_nice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Very Nice, Very Nice<\/a> (1961); <a id=\"69ff74310357c\" rel=\"wp-video-lightbox\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7-tMhRKS9Jo&#038;width=853&#038;height=480\" title=\"\">21-87<\/a>    <script>\r\n    \/* <![CDATA[ *\/\r\n    jQuery(document).ready(function($){\r\n        $(function(){\r\n            var width = $(window).innerWidth();\r\n            var setwidth = parseFloat(853);\r\n            var ratio = parseFloat(0.56271981242673);\r\n            var height = parseFloat(480);\r\n            var link = 'https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7-tMhRKS9Jo&amp;width=853&amp;height=480';\r\n            if(width < setwidth)\r\n            {\r\n                height = Math.floor(width * 0.56271981242673);\r\n                \/\/console.log(\"device width \"+width+\", set width \"+853+\", ratio \"+0.56271981242673+\", new height \"+ height);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('width', link, width);\r\n                var new_url = wpvl_paramReplace('height', new_url, height);\r\n                $(\"a#69ff74310357c\").attr('href', new_url);\r\n                \/\/console.log(new_url);\r\n            }\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n    \/* ]]> *\/\r\n    <\/script> (1963)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Further Reading<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Spicer, M. 2009. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/files\/2011\/09\/Strategic-Intertextuality-in-Lennon_s-Late-Beatles-Songs.pdf\">Strategic Intertextuality in Three of John Lennon&#8217;s Late Beatles Songs<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Osmond-Smith, D. 1981. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/741994\">From Myth to Music: L\u00e9vi-Strauss&#8217;s Mythologiques and Berio&#8217;s Sinfonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Osmond-Smith. D. 1985. Playing on Words: A Guide to Luciano Berio&#8217;s Sinfonia<\/li>\n<li>Hicks M. 1981\/2. <a title=\"VLE - Text Music and Meaning\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/942413\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Text, Music, and Meaning in the Third Movement of Berio&#8217;s Sinfonia<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Osmond-Smith, D. (ed.). 1985. Luciano Berio &#8211; Two Interviews (see Reading List)<\/li>\n<li>Osmond-Smith, D. 1975. <a title=\"VLE - Berio and the Art of Commentary\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/959202\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Berio and the Art of Commentary<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Hand, V. 1998. Laborintus II: A Neo-Avant-Garde Celebration of Dante<\/li>\n<li>Horvath, N. The \u201cTheatre of the Ear\u201d: Analyzing Berio\u2019s Musical Documentary A-Ronne<\/li>\n<li>Iverson, J. 2011. Creating Space: Perception and Structure in Charles Ives&#8217;s Collages<\/li>\n<li>Kolek, A. 2013. &#8220;Finding the Proper Sequence&#8221;: Form and Narrative in the Collage Music of John Zorn<\/li>\n<li>Maconie, R. 1998. <a title=\"VLE - Stockhausen at 70\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1004190\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stockhausen at 70. Through the Looking Glass<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction This session will explore the notion of music as commentary; music as a responsive act towards other musics and other stimuli. Sinfonia (1968-69) by Luciano Berio, and (1966) by , (and other examples) will be used to illustrate the concepts, although examples will be drawn from a variety of styles and genres. The notion [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":18,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1544"}],"version-history":[{"count":170,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3271,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1544\/revisions\/3271"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/reinventions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}