{"id":725,"date":"2009-07-07T18:16:17","date_gmt":"2009-07-07T17:16:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/?page_id=725"},"modified":"2016-12-01T09:50:28","modified_gmt":"2016-12-01T09:50:28","slug":"5-patterns-form-process","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/lectures\/5-patterns-form-process\/","title":{"rendered":"5: Patterns \/ Form \/ Process"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"10\" cellspacing=\"10\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>In this topic we will consider applications of musical &#8216;patterning&#8217; &#8211; palindromes, rotation, reflection and inversion &#8211; as structural determinants, with particular reference to Webern&#8217;s <em>Symphonie<\/em>, op. 21. The use of the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Section as structural &#8216;generators&#8217; will be examined through a consideration of Claude Debussy&#8217;s <em>La fille aux cheveux de lin<\/em>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>We will next consider the notion of form as process, and of &#8216;forming&#8217; in music. Several examples will be examined, which have in common the principle of the organic generation of form from fundamental components. Stockhausen&#8217;s <a id=\"tippy_tip0_777_anchor\"><\/a> <div class=\"tippy\" data-title=\"moment form\" data-height=\"350\" data-anchor=\"#tippy_tip0_777_anchor\" >Every present moment counts as well as no moment at all; a given moment is not merely regarded as the consequence of the previous one and the prelude to the coming one, but as \u2028 something individual, independent and centered in itself, capable of existing on its own. An instant does not need to be just a particle of measured duration. This concentration on the present moment &#8211; on every present moment \u2013 can make a vertical cut, as it were, across horizontal time perception, extending out to a timelessness I call eternity. This is not an eternity that begins at the end of time, but an eternity that is present in every moment. I am speaking about musical forms in which apparently no less is being undertaken than the explosion \u2013 yes \u2013 even more, the overcoming of the concept of duration. (Stockhausen, 1962)<\/div>, Var\u00e8se&#8217;s crystal analogies, Steve Reich&#8217;s process music, and computer-based algorithmic composition will be investigated alongside more traditional methods of forming in music.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100%\">\n<h3>Class Documents<\/h3>\n<hr>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/files\/2009\/07\/Lecture-5-notes-1.pdf\">Lecture Notes<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/files\/2008\/11\/webern-symphonie-pitch-sets.pdf\">Webern Symphonie Pitch Sets<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/files\/2008\/11\/webern-symphony-row-matrix.pdf\">Webern Symphonie Row Matrix<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/files\/2008\/11\/webern-symphony-score.pdf\">Webern Symphonie Score<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Egdard Var\u00e8se &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/vle.anglia.ac.uk\/modules\/2016\/MOD003024\/SEM1-F01CAM\/Documents\/Topic%205%20-%20Patterns-Form-Process\/Varese%20-%20The%20Liberation%20of%20Sound.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">The Liberation of Sound<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Steve Reich &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/07\/Music-as-a-Gradual-Process1.pdf\" class=\"broken_link\">Music as a Gradual Process<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"100%\">\n<h3>Audio &amp; Visual<\/h3>\n<hr>\n<ul>\n<li>BBC 5 Numbers (3) &#8211; The Golden Ratio | <a title=\"BBC 5 Numbers (3) - The Golden Ratio\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/radio4\/science\/rams\/5numbers3.ram\" target=\"_blank\">Audio<\/a> | <a title=\"BBC 5 Numbers (3) - The Golden Ratio\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/radio4\/science\/5numbers3.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Web Site<\/a><\/li>\n<li>BBC In Our Time &#8211; The Fibonacci Sequence |&nbsp;<a title=\"BBC In Our Time - The Fibonacci Sequence\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/programmes\/b008ct2j\" target=\"_blank\">Web Site<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"YouTube - Fibonacci and the Golden Mean\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AzfHbETDbN8\" target=\"_blank\">Fibonacci and the Golden Mean <\/a>by Beau Janzen<\/li>\n<li>Debussy &#8211; <em>La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin<\/em> | <a title=\"Grooveshark - La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin\" href=\"http:\/\/grooveshark.com\/s\/Preludes+Pour+Piano+Book+I+La+Fille+Aux+Cheveux+De+Lin+Tres+Calme+Et+Doucement+Expressif\/2Wh4Gz?src=5\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Audio<\/a> | <a title=\"IMSLP - La Fille aux Cheveux de Lin\" href=\"http:\/\/javanese.imslp.info\/files\/imglnks\/usimg\/1\/17\/IMSLP254507-PMLP02394-Debussy__Claude-Album_Durand_8246_05_La_Fille_aux_Cheveux_de_Lin_scan.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Score<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>David Bowie &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/oUeU4p_Lk-g?t=14m20s\" target=\"_blank\">Cracked Actor<\/a> (examples of Bowie&#8217;s use of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.openculture.com\/2015\/02\/bowie-cut-up-technique.html\" target=\"_blank\">cut-up techniques<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.blockmuseum.northwestern.edu\/picturesofmusic\/pages\/cage\/changeinst.html\" class=\"broken_link\">Instructions for John Cage&#8217;s <em>Music of Changes<\/em><\/a> (1951)<\/li>\n<li>Documentary: <a title=\"YouTube - ohn Cage, I Have Nothing To Say, And I Am Saying It, pt 3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/EfP5OMCfiZs\" target=\"_blank\"><em>John Cage, I Have Nothing To Say, And I Am Saying It<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li>Steve Reich &#8211; Pendulum Music (1968): <a href=\"http:\/\/www.moz.ac.at\/sem\/lehre\/ws07\/gae1\/pendulum.gif\" class=\"broken_link\">score<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/fU6qDeJPT-w\" target=\"_blank\">performance<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Philip Glass &#8211; <a title=\"YouTube - Two Pages\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/5antXqfUQrQ\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Two Pages<\/em> (for Steve Reich)<\/a> (1968)<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"SC140\" href=\"http:\/\/supercollider.sourceforge.net\/sc140\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">SC140<\/a> &#8211; 22 pieces by artists from around the world, each piece created with just 140 characters of code in SuperCollider<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<h3>Articles<\/h3>\n<hr>\n<p><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Symmetry<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kempf, D &#8211; <a title=\"Kempf - What is Symmetry in Music\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3108344\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">What is Symmetry in Music?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Symmetry in Webern&#8217;s Music<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Starr, M &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Webern&#039;s Palindrome\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/832451\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Webern&#8217;s Palindrome<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kabbash, P &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Aggregate-Derived Symmetry in Webern&#039;s Early Works\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/843533\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Aggregate-Derived Symmetry in Webern&#8217;s Early Works<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lynn, D &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - 12-Tone Symmetry - Webern&#039;s Thematic Sketches for the Sinfonie, Op. 21, Second Movement\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/966719\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">12-Tone Symmetry: Webern&#8217;s Thematic Sketches for the Sinfonie, Op. 21, Second Movement<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Archibald, B &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Some Thoughts on Symmetry in Early Webern: Op. 5, No. 2\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/832341\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Some Thoughts on Symmetry in Early Webern: Op. 5, No. 2<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bailey, K &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Symmetry as Nemesis - Webern and the First Movement of the Concerto, Opus 24\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/843890\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Symmetry as Nemesis: Webern and the First Movement of the Concerto, Opus 24<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Johnson, P &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Symmetrical Sets in Webern&#039;s Op. 10, No. 4\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/832669\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Symmetrical Sets in Webern&#8217;s Op. 10, No. 4<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bailey, K &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Webern&#039;s Opus 21 - Creativity in Tradition\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/763806\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Webern&#8217;s Opus 21: Creativity in Tradition<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Clifford, R &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Multi-Level Symmetries in Webern&#039;s Op. 11, No. 1\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/833554\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Multi-Level Symmetries in Webern&#8217;s Op. 11, No. 1<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #808080;\">The Golden Section and the Fibonacci Series<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Crilly, D &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/11\/crilly.pdf\" class=\"broken_link\">Form and Forming in Music<\/a>. In musicology, architectural and mathematical correlations have been observed in studies of the nature of musical form, whilst Schopenhauer restated the Pythagorean view that the universality of music resembles geometrical figures and numbers. Stravinsky suggested that we could not better define the sensation produced by music than by saying that it is identical with that evoked by the contemplation of the interplay of architectural forms. This paper considers the perception of architectural form in music and reveals Debussy\u2019s use of Golden Section as a structural determinant in his prelude <em>La fille aux cheveux de lin<\/em> for piano.<\/li>\n<li>Murzi, M &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/11\/positivism1.pdf\" class=\"broken_link\">Logical Positivism<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kramer, J.D. &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - The Fibonacci Series in Twentieth-Century Music\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/843120\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">The Fibonacci Series in Twentieth-Century Music<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Markowsky, G. &#8211; <a title=\"Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/files\/2009\/07\/markowsky.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #808080;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Crystal Form<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Var\u00e8se and Alcopley &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - A Conversation between Vare\u0300se and Alcopley\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1571960\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">A Conversation between Vare\u0300se and Alcopley<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bernard, J &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Pitch-Register in the Music of Edgard Vare\u0300se\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/746131\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Pitch\/Register in the Music of Edgard Vare\u0300se<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Moment Form<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kramer, J.D. &#8211; <a title=\"VLE - Moment Form in Twentieth Century Music\" href=\"https:\/\/vle.anglia.ac.uk\/modules\/2016\/MOD003024\/SEM1-F01CAM\/Documents\/Topic%205%20-%20Patterns-Form-Process\/Kramer%20-%20Moment%20Form.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Moment Form in Twentieth Century Music<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dack, J. &#8211; <a title=\"Karlheinz Stockhausen&#039;s Kontakte and Narrativity\" href=\"http:\/\/cec.concordia.ca\/econtact\/SAN\/Dack.htm\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Karlheinz Stockhausen&#8217;s Kontakte and Narrativity<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Process and Algorithmic Composition<br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lewitt, S. &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/07\/Lewitt-Paragraphs-on-Conceptual-Art1.pdf\" class=\"broken_link\">Paragraphs on Conceptual Art<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Schwarz, R. &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Music as a Gardual Process II\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/942414\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Music as a Gradual Process II<\/a><\/li>\n<li>York, W. &#8211; <a title=\"Google - Writings on Glass\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=tykImG0WAsAC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;dq=writings%20on%20glass&amp;pg=PA60#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\">Form and Process<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Edwards, M. &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/07\/Edwards-Algorithmic-Composition.pdf\" class=\"broken_link\">Algorithmic Composition: Computational Thinking in Music<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Jacob, B. &#8211; <a title=\"Algorithmic Composition as a Model for Creativity\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ece.umd.edu\/~blj\/algorithmic_composition\/algorithmicmodel.html\" target=\"_blank\">Algorithmic Composition as a Model of Creativity<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Leach, J. and Fitch, J. &#8211; <a title=\"JSTOR - Nature, Music and Algorithmic Composition\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/3680598\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Nature, Music, and Algorithmic Composition<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\">\n<h3>Internet Sites<\/h3>\n<hr>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Leonardo of Pisa - Bunny Rabbits to Bull Markets\" href=\"http:\/\/www.maa.org\/publications\/periodicals\/convergence\/leonardo-of-pisa-bunny-rabbits-to-bull-markets-introduction\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Leonardo of Pisa: Bunny Rabbits to Bull Markets<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Section\" href=\"http:\/\/www.maths.surrey.ac.uk\/hosted-sites\/R.Knott\/Fibonacci\/fib.html\" target=\"_blank\">Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Section<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Golden Section in Music Bibliography\" href=\"http:\/\/home.arcor.de\/bratscher\/golden\/goldensection.htm\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Bibliography of sources related to the Golden Section in Music<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Terry Riley&#8217;s&nbsp;<a title=\"Riley - In C\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/files\/2008\/07\/InC.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">In C<\/a> courtesy of <a title=\"Other Minds\" href=\"http:\/\/www.otherminds.org\/home.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Other Minds<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>There is a wealth of material available concerning medieval isorhythmic motets, arguably the earliest examples of algorithmic composition. See, for example, the Wikipedia article (yes, some Wikipedia articles are good!) on Dufay&#8217;s <a title=\"Wikipedia - Nuper Rosarum Flores\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuper_rosarum_flores\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Nuper Rosarum Flores<\/em><\/a>, which contains a good illustration of&nbsp; <a title=\"Nuper Rosarum Flores\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/07\/2000px-Nuper_Rosarum_Flores_tenor.svg_.png\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Dufay&#8217;s use of isorhythm<\/a>. Compare this with the modern <a title=\"Nuper Rosarum Flores\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/spheres\/wp-content\/uploads\/2008\/07\/Dufay-Nuper-Rosarum-Flores.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">score realisation<\/a> by Moriwaki Michio.<\/li>\n<li>Bach&#8217;s <a title=\"Bach - Musical Offering\" href=\"http:\/\/schillerinstitut.dk\/moweb\/musical_offering.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Musical Offering<\/a> provides many examples of the canon. This <a title=\"YouTube - Canon 1 a 2\" href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/xUHQ2ybTejU\" target=\"_blank\">site<\/a> contains a animation of the famous Canon 1 a 2, a &#8216;crab canon&#8217;.<\/li>\n<li>An implementation of Mozart&#8217;s famous <a title=\"And so on: on Repetition\" href=\"https:\/\/scratch.mit.edu\/projects\/1516316\/\" target=\"_blank\">Musical Dice Game<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Random Round\" href=\"http:\/\/andrewhugill.com\/rr\/randomround.html\" target=\"_blank\">Random Round<\/a>: An interactive version of Percy Grainger&#8217;s experiment with random composition, written in 1912.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Algorithmic.net\" href=\"http:\/\/www.flexatone.net\/algoNet\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"broken_link\">Algorithmic.net<\/a> provides a comprehensive research resource for computer aided algorithmic music composition, including over one-thousand research listings, over one hundred system listings, cross referenced links to research, links to software downloads and documentation, and web-based tools for searching and filtering the complete lexicon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this topic we will consider applications of musical &#8216;patterning&#8217; &#8211; palindromes, rotation, reflection and inversion &#8211; as structural determinants, with particular reference to Webern&#8217;s Symphonie, op. 21. The use of the Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Section as structural &#8216;generators&#8217; will be examined through a consideration of Claude Debussy&#8217;s La fille aux cheveux de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":18,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/725"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=725"}],"version-history":[{"count":69,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/725\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2075,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/725\/revisions\/2075"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/18"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.paulj.myzen.co.uk\/blog\/teaching\/spheres\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=725"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}